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Aniline
Description: Aniline (C.A.S. 62-53-3) is a colorless to brown oily liquid with an aromatic, pungent odor. It is used in the manufacturing of resins, varnishes, perfumes, printing inks, cloth marking inks, paint removers, photographic chemicals, explosives, herbicides, fungicides, rigid polyurethanes, optical whitening agents, and shoe blacks. It is used as a solvent, and as a chemical intermediate for rubber processing, accelerators, corrosion inhibitors, dyes and pigments, speciality resins, cyclohexylamine, hydroquinine, pesticides such as alachlor, pharmaceuticals such as sulfonamides, 4-anilinophenol, and methylenediisocyanate. It is a component of lacquers, wood stains, and skin stains. It is an analytical reagent in paper chemistry, and an azeotropic agent in the manufacturing of anhydrous hydrazine. It is used in the synthesis of intermediates for artificial sweeteners and isocyanate; it is also a catalyst and stabilizer in the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide and cellulose. Chemical Properties: Aniline is colorless when pure, and colorless with a bluish fluorescence when freshly distilled. It darkens when exposed to air and light. It is miscible with alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, lipids, vegetable oils, essential oils, chloroform and other organic solvents. It is soluble in diluted hydrochloric acid. It combines with acids to form salts, and dissolves alkali or alkaline earth metals with the evolution of hydrogen and formation of anilides. It is incompatible with oxidizers, albumin, toluene diisocyanate, acids, alkalies, and solutions of iron, zinc, and aluminum. It is easily oxidized to complex self-condensation dyes known as aniline blacks, and easily acylated and alkylated. Its boiling point is 184-186 degrees C; its melting point is -6.3 degrees C. Synonyms are aminobenzene, aminophen, aniline oil, anyvim, acrylamine, benzenamine, benzidam, cyanol, krystallin, kyanol, and phenylamine. Identification: Health effects: Exposure to aniline can cause coma, convulsions, arrhythmia, cyanosis, methemoglobinemia, vertigo, headache, confusion, weakness, lethargy, anemia, anorexia, weight loss, nausea, dryness of throat, eye irritation, corneal damage, and cutaneous lesions. The most severe cases of exposure, which disturb the central nervous system, cause photophobia, weakness of vision, and sluggish pupillary reaction. Inhalation, ingestion, or cutaneous absorption of aniline can cause intoxication. The target organs it affects are blood, cardiovascular system, liver, and kidneys. Exposure Values: Economics: U.S. manufacturers of aniline are Aristech Chemical Corp., Haverhill, OH; Bayer USA Inc./Mobay Corp., New Martinsville, WV; E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Beaumont, TX, and Gibbstown, NJ; First Mississippi Corp./First Chemical Corp., Pascagoula, MS; and Rubicon, Inc., Geismar, LA. Regulations: Under Section 302 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, Aniline is listed as an extremely hazardous substance, and has a threshhold planning quantity of 1000 pounds. Under Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986, releases of more than one pound of aniline into the air, water, and land must be reported annually and entered in to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). National Overview of 1998 Toxic Release Inventory See EPA's Toxic Release Inventory. Notations: The NIOSH recommended exposure limits (RELs) are time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations for up to a 10-hour workday during a 40-hour workweek. A short-term exposure limit (STEL) is designated by "ST" preceding the value; unless noted otherwise, the STEL is a 15-minute TWA exposure that should not be exceeded at any time during a workday. A ceiling REL is designated by "C" preceding the value. Any substance that NIOSH considers to be a potential occupational carcinogen is designated by the notation "Ca." The OSHA permissible exposure limits (PEL) are found in Tables Z-1, Z-2, and Z-3 of the OSHA General Industry Air Contaminants Standard (29 CFR 1910.1000). Unless noted otherwise, PEL are TWA concentrations that must not be exceeded during any 8-hour workshift of a 40-hour workweek. A STEL is designated by "ST" preceding the value and is measured over a 15-minute period unless noted otherwise. OSHA ceiling concentrations (designated by "C" preceding the value) must not be exceeded during any part of the workday; if instantaneous monitoring is not feasible, the ceiling must be assessed as a 15-minute TWA exposure. In addition, there are a number of substances from Table Z-2 (e.g., beryllium, ethylene dibromide, etc.) that have PEL ceiling values that must not be exceeded except for specified excursions. For example, a "5-minute maximum peak in any 2 hours" means that a 5-minute exposure above the ceiling value, but never above the maximum peak, is allowed in any 2 hours during an 8-hour workday. Information Sources:
Originally published in Environment Writer by the National Safety Council. Reprinted with permission. Environment Writer Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography Office of Marine Programs Narragansett, RI 02882 Tel: 401-874-6211; Fax: 401-874-6485 Disclaimer * Copyright 2002-2006 * All rights reserved. * University of Rhode Island |